Topic

India

A subcontinent of languages, faiths and arguments, none of which resolve neatly.

14: in history
13:00: average
182 min: in total
89: across the network

India across the network →

All briefs14

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Akbar

1542–1605

Akbar ruled the Mughal Empire from 1556 to 1605, expanding its territory from Bengal to Kabul and Kashmir through campaigns that included the four-month siege of Chittorgarh in 1567 and 1568, while building an administrative system of ranked military-civil officers and a revenue system based on a ten-year average of production. He abolished the tax on non-Muslims, married into Rajput noble families on terms that preserved the women's status, and promoted a syncretic court faith drawing on Islam, Hinduism and other traditions, a record known largely through the court chronicle of his minister Abul Fazl, which modern historians read with considerably more scepticism than it was originally intended to invite.

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Al-Biruni

973–1048

Al-Biruni, born in 973 in Khwarazm and dead in 1048 in Ghazni, catalogued 103 of his own works by the age of sixty-five, spanning astronomy, geodesy, pharmacology and history, and produced in around 1030 a study of Indian civilization based on learning Sanskrit and consulting Hindu texts directly. He calculated Earth's radius to within about two percent of its true value using mountain-height trigonometry, and worked much of his career under Mahmud of Ghazni, whose conquest of al-Biruni's home region and subsequent invasions of India brought the scholar to the court that funded his most celebrated research.

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Ashoka

304–232 BC

Ashoka took the Mauryan throne in the third century BC and conquered the kingdom of Kalinga at enormous human cost before turning, over subsequent years, toward an ethical code he called dhamma and eventually Buddhism. His own edicts are the only contemporary evidence for his reign; the dramatic stories of fratricide and conversion come from Buddhist chronicles composed centuries afterward, and the two surviving legendary traditions disagree with each other. His empire declined quickly after his death, and he was largely forgotten until nineteenth-century decipherment restored him to history.

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Jawaharlal Nehru

1889–1964

Educated in England and imprisoned repeatedly across a quarter century of resistance to British rule, Jawaharlal Nehru became independent India's first prime minister in 1947 and led it for seventeen years. He built a lasting parliamentary democracy, secular constitution and non-aligned foreign policy across a vast, diverse country, while decisions on Kashmir, economic planning and defence readiness against China remain sharply contested. His own prolific writing, combined with colonial records and party archives, makes him unusually well documented for a leader of his era.

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Nalanda mahavihara

Founded c. 427

Nalanda, founded around 427 under the Gupta emperor Kumaragupta I, grew into a major Buddhist centre of learning that at its height supported over 1,500 faculty on revenue from a hundred villages, according to the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang, who studied there for roughly two years from 637 and later left an account mixing careful observation with unverifiable legend. The institution was burned by Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji's forces around 1200, though it did not vanish immediately, with reduced scholarly activity continuing for some decades and its traditions carried onward into Tibetan Buddhism through fleeing monks.

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Nur Jahan

1577–1645

Nur Jahan, born Mehr-un-Nissa in 1577, became Emperor Jahangir's twentieth and last legal wife in 1611 and, through his dependence on opium and alcohol, accumulated genuine political authority, holding the imperial seal, minting silver rupees in her own name at Patna, and once leading troops on an elephant to rescue her captured husband in 1626. Her power collapsed after Jahangir's death in 1627, when her brother Asaf Khan backed her stepson Shah Jahan in the succession struggle, and she spent her remaining years under a comfortable but constrained house arrest in Lahore until her death in 1645.

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2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

26 December 2004

The magnitude 9.2 to 9.3 earthquake off Sumatra on 26 December 2004 ruptured roughly 1,600 kilometres of fault and sent tsunami waves as high as fifty-one metres near Banda Aceh across fourteen countries, killing an estimated 227,898 people in the deadliest tsunami on record. No tsunami warning system existed in the Indian Ocean at the time, since major tsunamis there had been rare since Krakatoa in 1883, so most victims had no warning despite gaps of fifteen minutes to seven hours between the quake and the waves reaching different shores. The response eventually raised over ten billion dollars, though aid officials at the time criticised both slow-moving pledges from wealthy governments and, separately, misdirected donations that left affected countries with unneeded supplies rather than what they actually required.

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April 2015 Nepal earthquake

2015

The magnitude 7.8 to 7.9 earthquake that struck central Nepal on 25 April 2015 killed 8,962 people across four countries, most of them in Nepal, and left about 3.5 million people homeless. It toppled the nineteenth-century Dharahara tower and damaged or destroyed more than thirty monuments across the Kathmandu Valley's historic squares, triggered an avalanche on Mount Everest that killed at least nineteen climbers, the deadliest single incident on the mountain's record, and buried the village of Langtang under a slide two to three kilometres wide. Geophysicists had warned for years that the Central Himalayan Gap, unruptured since 1505, held enough accumulated energy for a major quake, and the roughly ten billion dollars in damage this one caused amounted to about half of Nepal's annual economic output.

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Edicts of Ashoka

3rd century BC

Across more than thirty rock faces and pillars from Afghanistan to Bangladesh, the Mauryan emperor Ashoka had proclamations on ethical governance carved in the third century BC. Lost to readers once Brahmi script fell out of use, the edicts were only deciphered in the 1830s, and their authorship was confirmed as Ashoka's only in 1915, when an inscription at Maski paired his personal name with the title used elsewhere. They remain the earliest datable written texts from the Indian subcontinent.

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Bengal famine of 1943

1943–1944

The Bengal famine of 1943 killed somewhere between 800,000 and 3.8 million people, with most historians now converging on a figure near 2.1 million, following a combination of a cyclone that struck in October 1942, the loss of Burmese rice imports after Japan's invasion, wartime demand from Allied troops, and British colonial policies including the confiscation of tens of thousands of boats and the removal of surplus grain from coastal districts judged vulnerable to invasion. More than half the deaths came in 1944 from disease rather than outright starvation. Whether the underlying cause was genuine scarcity or a failure of distribution, and how much responsibility rests with Winston Churchill's wartime government, remain disputed among historians.

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East India Company

1600–1874

Chartered by Elizabeth I in 1600 with a monopoly on English trade east of the Cape of Good Hope, the East India Company spent its first century as a trading concern before turning, after the 1757 Battle of Plassey, into the effective ruler of large parts of India, funded by taxation of the people it governed and defended by an army that at its peak outnumbered Britain's own. Its opium trade with China, its tax policies during the Bengal famine of 1770, and its use of torture to extract revenue are all part of the documented record. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ended Company rule outright; the Crown assumed direct control the following year, and the Company itself was formally dissolved in 1874.

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Indian Rebellion of 1857

1857–1858

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 began on 10 May with a sepoy mutiny at Meerut over rumours that new rifle cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat, and spread across northern India, drawing in the aged Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar as a reluctant figurehead before British forces recaptured Delhi by late September and suppressed the last resistance by mid-1858. The uprising killed roughly 6,000 British subjects and an estimated 800,000 or more Indians, including deaths from the war's associated famine and disease, and it ended East India Company rule entirely, transferring India to direct British Crown administration the following year.

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Mughal Empire

1526–1857

Founded in 1526 when Babur defeated the Delhi Sultanate's forces at Panipat, the Mughal Empire expanded across most of the Indian subcontinent, reaching its greatest territorial extent under Aurangzeb in the late seventeenth century before fragmenting rapidly after his death and formally ending with the deposition of its last emperor following the 1857 uprising. Historians still debate how religiously tolerant or intolerant various emperors actually were, how urbanised Mughal India really was compared with contemporary Europe, and even what to call the dynasty itself.

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Partition of India

15 August 1947

British India was divided into India and Pakistan in August 1947, ending decades of colonial rule and an independence movement that stretched back to the previous century. The partition triggered mass displacement across new religious lines, with estimates of deaths ranging from 200,000 to two million and displaced people numbered between 12 and 20 million, figures that remain disputed rather than settled. It left lasting hostility between the two new states that continues to shape the region.